معرفت اخلاقی

Abstracts

A Probing Look at the Meaning of Divine Vicegerence in Jalal Al-Din Davani and Qiyas al-Din Mansur Dashtaki's Views

Muhsen Jahid*, Sahar Kavandi**

Abstract

Aristotle bases his moral discussions on "Eudemonia" which is translated as "happiness" by Muslims and has undergone important conceptual developments. Later on, Muslim thinkers associated this term with the concept of "divine vicegerence". Since the correct understanding and exact assignment of the meaning of "vicegerence" are of particular importance in the discussions of anthropology and Islamic morality, there has always been many debates and disputes among commentators, philosophers and mystics on understanding and interpreting the Quranic verse "man's vicegerence": "I am about to place a viceroy on the earth".

Davani believes that man's entitlement to the state of vicegerent lies in his capacity to attain reciprocal attributes and regards that its realization is contingent upon scientific and practical perfection. Mansur Dashtaki disagrees with Davini and rejects his thought and arguments in detail. Dashtaki believes that vicegerence indicates that man is the shadow of God among the possibilities. He also thinks that creatures submit and obey man just as they submit and obey the Most High God. The present paper expounds these two thinkers' views on divine vicegerence.

Key words: divine vicegerence, reciprocal attributes, scientific and practical perfection, submission of possibilities.

A Sociological, Psychological and Moral Approach to Conceptual Geometry of Leisure Time with

Naqi Sanaii*

Abstract

Leisure time is individuals' most important and pleasant time and part of their everyday life, during which individuals relax, enjoy having fun, broaden their knowledge or contribute in social affairs voluntarily when they have no occupational, familial and social responsibilities. The main question is what, according to the sociological, psychological and moral approach, does leisure time imply? Is leisure time identical to free time? What does leisure time mean with respect to work, play, recreation, entertainment and sport? The present paper, in which a descriptive- analytical method is used, seeks to answer these questions by using different library sources and attempting to examine and demonstrate the conceptual structure of leisure time. The paper concludes that leisure time is part of man's free time and spending leisure time is something optional and individuals have freedom to spend it as they like. Spending leisure time brings mental and physical comfort and satisfaction and helps to combat the fatigue caused by work.

Key words: leisure, free time, work, recreation, entertainment.

A Review of the Factors of Weakness in Self-control in the View of the Holy Quran

Somayyah Darisavi*, Ali Naqi Faqihi**

Abstract

The present paper reviews and underlines the factors of weakness in self-control in the light of Quranic view. The research method is based on a description and analysis of Quranic verses on self-control. The research findings show that these factors are divided into direct and indirect. The holy Quran emphasizes on such factors as following the whim of the soul, self-negligence, arrogance and pride, self-praise, attachment to the world and temptation of Satan as the direct factors of weakness in self-control. It also mentions the weakness of soul and will as the indirect factors of weakness in self-control, and the effect of these factors can be eliminated by strengthening the soul and will. This paper provides modus operands to eliminate each of these factors.

Key words: self-control, direct and indirect factors, weakness of soul.

A Reanalysis of the Concept of "Fear" with Emphasis on Its Anti-value Type in the Quran

Fatimah 'Alaei Rahmani*, Mehri Hassanzadeh**

Abstract

One of the most important moral traits is "fear" which is divided into value and anti-value types in terms of its associate. Sometimes, it is considered as a virtue and sometimes as a vice. Some equivalents of the word fear are found in the Quran and the word "khawf (fear)" is the most common one. Quran uses some other terms which have synonymous with  khawf and are translated into fear. They include "khashiyyat (awe)", "wajalah (tremble)", "rahbah (dread)", "raw' (terror)", "ro'b (fear)", faza' (fearing)", and "ishfaq (scare)". Fear of poverty, death and false deity are among the most important anti-value fears which the Quran includes. Some of the consequences of anti-value fears to which the Quran refers are: attempting a crime, giving up to Satan's authority giving no alms, refusing to take part in Jihad in the path of God, wavering befriending with Satan, and losing one's balance. Weak faith, attachment to material things, unfair behavior, have not trust in God's provision, feeling of self-weakness and humiliation and astounding at others' power are regarded as factors of anti-value fears.

Key words: the Quran, fear, anti-value fear, types of anti-value fear, effects of anti-value fear. 

Terminology of "Justice" and Its Relationship with Similar Concepts in the Teachings of Nahjol Balaqah (the Peak of Eloquence)

Seyyed Jawad Ahmadi*

Abstract

The present paper examines each meaning of "justice" by reviewing its literal meanings and citing evidence from Nahjol Balaqah (the peak of eloquence- Imam Ali's sayings and letters) and proves that the word "justice" is literally the antonym of "injustice" and implies persistence and conformity with religious and natural limits of things. In other words, justice means observing the limits which each thing (in the general sense of the word) requires in regard with the judgment of intellect or commandment of the Law. This single meaning can be applied to all kinds of justice including divine justice and human justice. Therefore, Imam Ali's definitions of justice as "fairness", "granting the rights of those who deserve them", "moderation" and "putting everything in its proper place" are in harmony with each other and related to the literal meaning of justice. So, the term justice applies to all kinds of its relevant instances due to their common meanings.

Key words: justice, injustice, persistence, fixed limits, right, those deserving right.

The Factors and Stages of Formation of Moral Behavior in Islam

Qolam Reza Qiyasi*

Abstract

Islam regards a behavior as a moral behavior if is conducted according to possibility, free will and necessary knowledge. This kind of behavior may be as an external physical behavior or as an internal state like jealousy and bigotry. The stages of formation of moral behavior originate from soul, are based on intrinsic material and spiritual needs, and are the influenced by internal, external and environmental factors. The process and stages of behavior originate from a need and after passing the stages of perception (cognition), imagination, intent and motive, and faith and will behavior reaches the external stage. In the meantime, various factors and processes are raised, which can be discussed and analyzed in due course. Muslim philosophers seek for the main origin of man's behavior in the soul, making use of its powers. Psychologists believe that motivation and need are the main factors of the formation and realization of behavior. Muslim moralists tend to treat the realm of soul and axiological-moral factors as intrinsic-spiritual attitudes…. The present paper provides a good ground for discussing this issue.

Key words: ethics, science , action, behavior, system.

The Parameters of Giving Precedence to More Important Things over Important Things in Moral Interferences

Ali Rezwani*

Abstract

"Moral interferences" are among the most important issues in applied ethics and in philosophy of ethics, because interferences sometimes occur between virtues and vices when one tries to do his moral duties. Scholars of ethics have proposed some methods to prevent such interferences. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper expounds one of these methods, that is, the rational principle of "giving priority to more important things over important things". It discusses the issue in two parts: the first part deals with the semantics and conceptual studies of such concepts as contradiction, interference, more important things and important things. The second part, which is the most important part of this paper, studies the importance, necessity, stages of preventing moral interferences and the parameters of superiority of giving precedence to more important things over important things.

Key words: contradiction, interference, moral interference, the principle of more important things and important things.

* Assistant professor of philosophy department, Zanjan University             jahed.mohsen@znu.ac.ir

** Faculty member of Zanjan University                                                             drskavandi@yahoo.com

Received: 2013-1-22- Accepted: 2013-6-20

* PhD student of Islamic ethics, Qom University of sciences                     sanaei.naghi@yahoo.com

Received: 2013-5-5- Accepted: 2013-10-12

* MA student of Quran commentary and Quranic sciences                               derisavis@yahoo.com

 ** Associate professor of Qom University                                                       anـfaghihi@qom.ac.ir

Received: 2013-2-27- Accepted: 2013-6-26

* Assistant professor of Al-Zahra University                                         Alaee.fatemeh@yahoo.com

** MA of Al-Zahra University                                                         mehrihassanzadeh@gmail.com

Received: 2012-12-22- Accepted: 2013-6-10

* PhD student of University of sciences                                                                     sja983@yahoo.com

Received: 2013-1-18- Accepted: 2013-6-26

 *PhD student of Islamic ethics, Qom University of sciences                              ilamghiasy@yahoo.com

Received: 2013-5-20- Accepted: 2013-10-12

* PhD student of ethics, Qom University of sciences                                    alirezvani2200@yahoo.com

Received: 2013-5-15- Accepted: 2013-9-22