معرفت اخلاقی

The Compatibility of Egoism,
Tuism and Deism in the Moral Code in Islam

 Sayyed Abdolhadi Hosseini / MA in Theology, IKI            seyyedhadihoseini@yahoo.com

Amir Khavas / Associate Professor of Religions, IKI                          sajed1362@yahoo.com

Received:  2017/08/14 - Accepted: 2018/01/06

Abstract

Every religion and theological school claims that it guides mankind towards happiness and perfection. Considering man's innate tendencies and natural inclinations, such as Deism, Egoism, Tuism has special importance. Due to the importance of man's happiness which represents his main goal in life and in order to show the compatibility and consistency of the tendencies in question, this paper uses a descriptive-analytical method and cites some Qur'anic verses and narratives to explain this compatibility and resolve the conflict between these tendencies. It also shows the comprehensiveness of the moral code in Islam and the profound knowledge of this reveled faith as compared to the other moral schools. Determining "optional nearness to God" as the criterion for the value of moral act and ultimate goal of ethics, morality, stressing the possibility of the integrity of the mentioned tendencies, concentrating on deism and recommending doing all that leads to God's good pleasure; the moral code in Islam provides a good reliable method for their integrity, an issue on which this study is centered.

Keywords: egoism, tuism, deism, the moral code in Islam, Intent and motivation, nearness to God, value.

A Critique of Ayer’s Emotivism

 Afzal Boluki / Assistant Professor, Islami teaching Department, ethic subdiscipline Sistan and Baluchestan University                                                                                                                        boluki1390@gmail.com

Mohammad Ali Moslehnejad / Faculty member of Sistan and Baluchestan University

Received:  2017/06/07 - Accepted: 2017/12/02                                         moslehn@gamail.com

Abstract

What the reality of moral propositions is and whether moral precepts are real or arbitrary premises are among the fundamental issues in philosophy of ethics. So far, different perspectives have been presented on the analysis of moral propositions. Emotivism is one of the well-known non-cognitive views. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical study is to prove the ineffectiveness of emotivism proposed by Ayer, who is one of the first theorists of this school. Rejecting moral teachings, regarding the revealed teachings of prophets as futile, denying rational reasoning and arguments, emphasizing on relativism and regarding moral judgments as unjustifiable are among the criticisms leveled at this theory which holds that moral concepts and precepts are meaningless and subjective and that moral propositions have a purely emotional function and cannot be conveyed to the audience.

Keywords: emotivism, meaningfulness, anti-realism, moral value, moral positivism.

An Evaluation of Allameh Tabataba'i 's Perspective on Indicators of Professional Ethics among the Faculty Members of Farhangian University in Khorasan Razavi in the of Students' View

Moslem CHerabin / Faculty Member of Neyshabur Azad University                         moslemch2015@gmail.com

Zohreh Meshkibaf Moghaddam / Faculty Member of Farhangian University

                                                                                                                             mmoghadam@gmail.com

Atefeh Salavati / BA Student of Educational Sciences at Farhangian University, Shahid Hasheminejad Pardis, Mashhad                                                                                                                               a.salavati74@gmail.com

Fatemeh Talaei Bimarghi / BA Student of Educational Sciences at Farhangian University, Shahid Hasheminejad Pardis, Mashhad                                                                                                                              Ftalaeib@gmail.com

Received:  2017/07/04 - Accepted: 2017/12/26

Abstract

Professional ethics is one of the most important variables of the success of any organization. Considering the importance of this issue in teacher education, this paper examines Allamah Tabataba'i 's view about the characteristics of professional ethics. The statistical population consists of the teacher students at Farhangian University of Khorasan Razavi and the sample population includs students from 11 majors in teaching, counseling and educational sciences at Shahid Hashemi Nejad in Mashhad for the academic year 1395-1396. The stratified random sampling method is suitable to the sample size. The research is a descriptive study in which survey method was used and a researcher-developed localized questionnaire was completed. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through content analysis and its reliability was measured through Cronbach's alpha. SPSS software was used in the data analysis and thus its explanatory results were obtained. The results are very satisfactory in terms of professors' attention to spirituality and self-development. In the epistemological aspect, including the two components of discipline and confidentiality, in the behavioral aspect of most professors, including refraining from using foul language and crude jokes and in their appearance, including mode of dress and personal hygiene, the results are also very satisfactory.

Keywords: ethics, teachers’ professional ethics, Allameh Tabataba'i

What Criticism is and the Rules Governing
It in Allameh Tabatabai’s Scientific Style

Sayyed zia al-din Olianasab / Assistant Professor of Islamic Teachings, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences                                                                                                           olyanasabz@mail.tbzmed.ac.ir

Fatemeh Shahmohammadi / MA in Jurisprudence and Principles, Al-Zahra Seminary Institute of Higher Education, Tabriz                                                                                                                 research491os@yahoo.com

Received:  2017/08/03 - Accepted: 2018/01/02

Abstract

Criticizing, judging and identifying the strengths and weaknesses of works show the shortcomings, open up new vista of knowledge and contribute to extending it. In every era, there are people who offer low quality, weak and unreliable works. Hence, it is necessary for critics to embark on criticizing them by using specific morals and rules, in order to secure scientific improvement in society. As a leading expert, researcher and scholar, Allameh Tabatabai was able to distinguish between what is sound and unsound. Interpreting the meaning of criticism and mentioning the basic moral rules of criticism, the present paper seeks to study some instances of observing the ethics of criticism in the scientific style of Allameh Tabataba'i. A study of Allameh's scientific style by referring to the written works and library sources suggests that he applies the basic rules of criticism such as having for divine beliefs and spirituality, motivation, freedom of thought and refraining from fanaticism, accepting criticisms, scientific honesty, perseverance and strenuous work, having expertise in criticism, presenting solid evidence, scientific courage, treating others with respect and avoiding damaging criticism.

Keywords: Allameh Tabataba'i, ethics, criticism, ethics of criticism, freedom of thought.

Overlooking the Mistakes of Others: a Way Ignored in Education

Fatemeh sadat Mousavi Nadoushan / Ph.D. Student of Curriculum Planning at Isfahan University                                                                                                                       sabamosavi@ymail.com

Sayyed Ebrahim Mir Shah Ja’fari / Professor of Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan

Received:  2017/08/10 - Accepted: 2018/01/03                           sebrahimjafari@yahoo.com

Abstract

Overlooking the mistakes of others, which is one of the remarkable methods in education and is among the important prerequisites for a quiet and peaceful life is of great importance in various fields of human life. Overlooking the mistake of others is a conscious behavior intended to preserve a wrongdoer’s dignity and make him/her aware of his misconduct. This paper seeks to study the idea of overlooking, identify its types and show its educational effects. To this end, using a descriptive-analytical approach, the present paper studies the Qur'anic verses, narrations and the related works, and then draw conclusions from them. The findings indicate that overlooking the mistakes of others contribute to correcting a person's behavior, and in case the mistake is not so serious or the learner does not persist in doing it and his/her self-esteem can be preserved, overlooking will have valuable educational advantages such as the continuity of the relationship between the learner and the teacher, maintenance of the learner’s dignity, preparing the ground for the correction of the learner’s behavior and the teacher’s esteem and peace of mind.

Keywords: overlooking, educational method, education.

The Barriers to Providing Family with High-Level Moral

Hassan Najafi / PhD Student of Curriculum Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University hnajafih@yahoo.com

Mohsen Ghani / Graduate of Educational Sciences, IKI

Received:  2017/06/06 - Accepted: 2017/12/03

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers and harms to providing family with high-level moral. The research uses a descriptive-analytical method, and the data was collected from the available related resources through note-taking and was analyzed by using qualitative methods. The research results indicate that such factors like genetic barriers and environmental barriers (religiously illegal means of living, parents' unfair treatment, belated education and not acquainting children with the acceptable standards of behavior in childhood, inconsistency between parents’ words and their behavior, the difference between the patterns, looking down upon the child abuse, parental violence and strictness, having no plan for children’s use of the media, parents’ inattention to their child's selection of friends and peers, parent’s lack of knowledge about child’s level of moral perception) can be obstacles and harms to providing family with high-level moral training.

Keywords: family, children, moral training, barriers to effectiveness.